Memory 

•  persistence of learning over time through the process of storage and retrieval of information

Encoding (1)

• processing of info into the memory system

Storage (2)

•  retention of material over time

Retrieval (3)

•  the process of getting the information out of memory storage
•  Retrieval failure: forgetting something, or not getting the info out of storage

Recall vs. Recognition

Recall

•  retrieve info from your memory
•  ex: fill in the blank test

Recognition

•  identify the target from possible targets
•  ex: multiple choice tests

Flash Bulb Memory

•  A clear moment of an emotionally significant event

Three types of Memory

Sensory

•  the immediate initial recording of sensory information stored for just an instant and most info goes unprocessed

Short Term

•  memory that holds a few items briefly
•  can hold 7 digits
•  if not stored here, goes to long term or its forgotten
•  three parts: audio, visual, intergration of audio and visual

Long Term

•  permanent and limitless storehouse of memory
•  explicit memories
•  implicit memories

Explicit Memories

•  episodic memories
• semantic memories

Implicit Memories

•  procedural memories
•  conditioned memories

Encoding Information

•  Primary Effect
•  Recency Effect
•  Serial Positioning Effect

The way we can encode

•  Visual: the encoding of picture images
•  Acoustic: encoding of sound, especially sounds of words
•  Semantic: encoding of meaning

Constructive Memory

•  Memories are not always what they seem
•  Elizabeth Loftus
•  Constructed memory is a created memory
•  Misinformation effect

Forgetting

•  Retroactive Interference: new info blocks out old info
•  Proactive Interference: old info blocks new info

Storing Memories

•  Long term Potential: long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously
•  In other words, they learn to fire together and get better at it, creating a memory